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TEXT-BOOK OF THE EMBRYOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, VOL. 2 (CLASSIC REPRINT) - E. KORSCHELT
📘TEXT-BOOK OF THE EMBRYOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES, VOL. 2 (CLASSIC REPRINT) - E. KORSCHELT📘
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Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo (1699-1782), also known as the Marquês de Pombal, was a Portuguese statesman, soldier, and diplomat who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1755 to 1777. During his tenure, he established the modern administrative system of the country, reformed the education system and economy, and was responsible for the abolition of slavery in 1761. Pombal is remembered as one of the most influential Portuguese statesman of the 18th century, and his reforms were crucial in transforming the nation into a prosperous and strong European power.The Marquês de Pombal was born in Lisbon in 1699 and was educated in Coimbra, before joining the Portuguese diplomatic corps in 1714. He soon became a personal advisor to King Jose I and took part in diplomatic missions in England, Holland, and Russia. In 1742, Pombal was promoted to Secretary of War, a position he kept until 1750 when he was appointed President of the Royal Council of Ministers.From 1750 onward, Pombal was the de facto ruler of Portugal, while King Jose I was focused on current events. During the Prime Minister’s time in office, Portugal was able to modernize its laws, social structures, and economic policies. Pombal was also responsible for the establishment of public libraries, improved taxation systems, and the abolishment of slavery in 1761. He also held diplomatic negotiations with other European powers, secured Portugal’s neutrality in the Seven Years’ War, and attempted to expand the Portuguese colonial empire with his last project: the Malouinese Expedition of 1761.In 1777, Pombal was forced to resign from the government, due to the pressures of public opinion and the accusations from the newly crowned Queen Maria I. After his resignation, the Marquês de Pombal lived a quiet life in exile until his death in 1782. Despite the mixed opinions of his tenure—which conjured titles such as \"the perpetual tyrant\" and \"the genius of the nation\"—Pombal’s powerful reforms ultimately changed Portugal's political and economic landscape, setting the country on the path to modernity and progress.
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal (1699–1782), was a Portuguese statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1750 to 1777. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest statesmen in Portuguese history, and his reforms had a lasting impact on Portugal's institutions and society.Reforms of EducationPombal enacted a series of reforms to modernize the education system in Portugal. He abolished the Society of Jesus in 1759 and replaced it with the ulmarian College, which provided a secular education based on the principles of science and reason. He also focused on closing the gaps between the wealthy and the poor, and worked to increase literacy among the working-class population.Industrial ReformsPombal also enacted reforms to promote industry and commerce. He imposed strict regulations on guilds and monopolies and removed tariff and export barriers. He also heavily supported the manufacturing of textiles, leather, paper, and metal products. Furthermore, he pushed the development of navigational and shipbuilding technologies.Military ReformsPombal was a strong proponent of military reform. He established a modernized army that was more disciplined and better equipped. He also strengthened the navy by introducing reforms in navigation, shipbuilding, and arms production.Social ReformsPombal implemented various social reforms, such as reducing the death penalty for common crimes and freeing slaves. He also sought to reduce poverty by introducing policies to promote employment and combat rising prices. Moreover, he pushed for public works projects, such as roads and aqueducts, to improve the public health and welfare.LegacyPombal's reforms had a lasting impact on Portugal and its people. His reforms modernized the country, helped facilitate its integration into the global market, and substantially improved the lives of all citizens. Pombal is remembered as a great statesman who brought progress and prosperity to the Portuguese people.
Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal was an important Portuguese political figure of the 18th century, during the reigns of kings Joseph I and Maria I of Portugal. He is generally regarded as one of the greatest prime ministers of Portugal. He is well known for his sweeping reforms following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake and the establishment of Pombaline Lisbon, the first example of post-earthquake urban planning.Pombal initially studied law at the University of Coimbra, but soon gained fame as a man of letters and as a political agitator. He served in a variety of posts, including ambassador to England and France, and eventually became Portugal's prime minister. From 1750 to 1777, he served as prime minister, overseeing the government apparatus and ensuring the efficient functioning of public services.Pombal's tenure as prime minister is marked by the numerous reforms he implemented. In many ways, Pombal was a modernizer, actively seeking to develop and improve Portugal's infrastructure, industry and manufacturing. His most famous accomplishment was the renovation of Lisbon following the destruction wrought by the 1755 earthquake. He established the post-earthquake urban planning project Pombaline Lisbon, which served as a model for future urban projects in Europe.Additionally, Pombal implemented sweeping reforms in government, education and the military. He founded the Academia Real das Ciências to promote scientific progress. He revamped the Portuguese military and founded the Royal Naval Academy in 1772. Most notably, Pombal was an opponent of the Catholic Church's growing influence, and was an early advocate of religious tolerance in Portugal.Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo's tenure as Prime Minister of Portugal was undoubtedly an era of significant reform and modernization in the country's history. Pombal's reforms transformed Portugal from a relative backwater to one of the most modern and prosperous nations in Europe. His model of post-earthquake urban planning, Pombaline Lisbon, became a model for later European cities. In recognition of his accomplishments, he was granted the title of Marques do Pombal by King Joseph I in 1770. The legacy of Pombal's influence on Portuguese politics remains vibrant today.
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